Test Page
Baltic
Double Given Names | Locative | Patronymic | Other relationship | Descriptive/
Occupational |
Dictus | Double Bynames | Order | |
Estonian | Yes, pre-pended and post-pended | Yes, marked or unmarked, including patronymics from father's descriptive and occupational byname | Wife | Yes | Yes (patronymic+locative) | given+byname
byname+given given+patronymic+locative | ||
Latvian | No | Yes, adjectival or unmarked (see note) | Yes, marked or unmarked (see note) | Wife (see note) | Yes, adjectival or unmarked (see note) | No | No | given+byname |
Lithuanian | Late; 14th cen. and after | Adjectival (see notes) | Yes (see notes) | Husband (see notes) | Yes | Yes, dictus and alias (see notes) | Yes, one is a locative | given+given
given+byname given+locative+occupational given+patronymic+locative |
Livonian | No | Yes, marked or unmarked (see note) | Yes | No | No | given+byname
byname+given |
Notes
Estonian: Bynames based on relationship can be formed with Estonian particles, such as poyck/poicke 'son', tüttar 'daughter', nayne 'wife' or Low German son, dochter 'daughter', wif 'wife' (usually with the relative's name in the genitive case, following the rules of Estonian or German grammar respectively).
Lithuanian:
Adjectival locative bynames are attested in Lithuanian, using the ending -iska with feminine names, and -iskis, -inikas, or -(i)etis with masculine names, in its grammatically required form. -iska and -iskis, like their equivalents in Polish (-ska and -ski) is roughly equivalent to "-ish" in English. -(i)etis, is similar to English "place name"-ian.
Masculine patronyms, based on the father's name, included -(i)unas, -(i)unos, -aitis or -uitis ('B's son'). Alternately, the relationship could be indicated by a diminutive suffix added to their relative's name, such as -(i)ulis ('little B'). Patronymn may be derived from the father's occupational byname. Feminine patronyms are changed by adding the suffixes -(ai)czie / -itia. They are based on the father's given name or his descriptive byname.
Relationship bynames (husband) are formed from the husband's given name, full name, or byname by using the suffix -iene on each part of the husband's name. In the 16th and early 17th century, the suffix -owiene is also found when the relationship is formed from the husband's given name.
The pattern given dictus given and given alias given is known in Lithuanian. Other patterns (such as given alias given pat) need to be documented.
Livonian: Note that "Livonian" is intended to refer to the indigenous group called the Livs or Livonians, rather than the region called Livonia that encompassed modern-day Estonia and Latvia. Masculine patronymics use -dels or -poy 'son'.