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'''Gaelic'''
'''English/Welsh'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|
|
Line 13: Line 13:
|'''Order'''
|'''Order'''
|-
|-
|'''Pictish'''
|'''Old English'''
|
|No
|
|Phrase (''æt X'' or ''of'' X)
|Marked; ''mac'' B or ''filius'' B "son of B"; ''filia B'' "daughter of B"
|Marked, unmarked
|nephew, ''nepos'' B
|
|
|
|Rare
|Yes; using ''Cognomento''
|
|
|given+byname
|given+byname
|-
|-
|'''Oghamic (c.500-c.700)'''
|'''Middle/Early Modern'''
|No
 
|
'''English'''
|Marked; ''maqqas'' B "son of b";
|Late
|All forms: Phrase (de X, of X, atte Y, de la/del Y, etc.); unmarked, adjectival,


''inigena'' B "daughter of B
inn sign (atte Z, of the Z)
|
|Marked, genitive alone, unmarked
|Descriptive
|Matronymic, many others, marked and unmarked
|No
|Yes, may use article ''the/le'' or omit it.
|
|Yes; marked
|Yes; all patterns late (these are generally unmarked)
|given+byname
|given+byname
given+byname+loc
given+pat+descr
given+byname+byname
|-
|-
|'''Old/Middle Gaelic (before c.1200)'''
|'''Anglicized Irish'''
|No
|No
|
|Marked, multi-generation
|Clan names
|Rare
|Rare
|Marked; ''mac'' B
|
|Yes
|given+byname


"son of B"
given+pat+pat


''ingen'' B "daughter of B"
given+pat+clan
|Clan affiliation; two-generation patronymics; "wife of" for women
|Descriptive; rarely occupational
|No
|Multi-generational, descriptive and patronymic; descriptive and locative
|Varied; see articles below
|-
|-
|'''Early Modern Gaelic'''
|'''Welsh'''
|Late
|Phrase, unmarked
|Marked, unmarked,


'''(after c.1200)'''
multiple
|No
|
|Rare
|Yes
|Marked; ''mac'' B "son of B,"
|
|Yes
|given+byname


''inghean'' B "daughter of B"
given+pat+pat
|Clan affiliation; two-generation patronymics; "wife of" for women
|Descriptive; rarely occupational
|No
|Multi-generational, descriptive and patronymic; descriptive and locative
|Varied; see articles below
|-
|-
|'''Scots Gaelic'''
|'''Scots'''
|No
|
|Rare
|Phrase (as in English),
|marked; ''mac'' B "son of B"


''ingen'' or ''inghean'' B "daughter of B"
unmarked
|Two-generation patronymics; "wife of" for women
|Marked (with ''Mac'' or as in English), unmarked
|Descriptive; rarely occupational
|As in English only
|No
|Yes
|Multi-generational, descriptive and patronymic
|
|given+pat
|Yes
|given+pat+loc


given+descr+pat
given+pat+pat


given+pat+descr
given+pat+descr
given+pat+pat
|}
|}
'''Notes''':
'''Notes''':


Pictish: Please refer to Tangwystl verch Mogrant Glasvryn, "A Consideration of Pictish Names" (<nowiki>http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/tangwystyl/pictnames/</nowiki>).
Old English: Patronymics take form of ''X sunu''/''sune'' or ''Xdohtor'' (X is father's name in genitive); they must match the given name's gender. Alternately, they may follow the Latinized patterns. Locatives use ''æt'' or ''of'' followed by the placename in dative form. See the introduction to Reaney and Wilson ''A Dictionary of English Surnames'' for more details.
 
Oghamic: Please refer to Mari Elspeth nic Bryan, Index of Names in Irish Annals (<nowiki>http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/</nowiki>).
 
Old/Middle Gaelic: For appropriate spellings, refer to Mari Elspeth nic Bryan , Index of Names in Irish Annals (<nowiki>http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/</nowiki>). For structure, please refer to Effric Neyn Ken3ocht Mcherrald, "Quick and Easy Gaelic Names" (<nowiki>http://medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/</nowiki>). See the May 2022 CL for information on compound Irish Gaelic names using descriptives and locatives.
 
Early Modern Gaelic: Please refer to Effric Neyn Ken3ocht Mcherrald, "Quick and Easy Gaelic Names" (<nowiki>http://medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/</nowiki>) for more details on Gaelic names. See the May 2022 CL for information on compound Irish Gaelic names using descriptives and locatives.
 
Scots Gaelic: Please refer to Effric Neyn Ken3ocht Mcherrald, "A Simple Guide to Constructing 12th Century Scottish Gaelic Names" (<nowiki>http://medievalscotland.org/scotnames/simplescotgaelicnames12.shtml</nowiki>).


All patronymics are created using the genitive form of the father's name. Byname elements may need to have their spelling modified to soften the pronunciation (lenited) or change the grammar. For guidance on when lenition is required, please refer to Effric Neyn Ken3ocht Mcherrald, "The Spelling of Lenited Consonants in Gaelic" (<nowiki>http://medievalscotland.org/scotlang/lenition.shtml</nowiki>).
Middle/Early Modern English: Marked patronymics may use ''Fitz X'' or ''Xson''; women may use these or use ''Xdaughter''. These forms may all use the father's name unmodified; ''Xson'' and ''Xdaughter'' may also use the possessive form. Alternately, they may follow the Latinized patterns. Late period family names tend to drop articles and prepositions. See the introduction to Reaney and Wilson ''A Dictionary of English Surnames'' for more details. Surnames from the second half of the 16th C and early 17th C may be used as given names; they are treated as any other 16th C given name [Alton of Grimfells, 04/2010, A-East].


Accents may be used or omitted as long as it is done consistently. Capitalization is inconsistent in period records, but must match a period pattern.
Anglicized Irish: See Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "Names Found in Anglicized Irish Documents"(<nowiki>http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnglicizedIrish/</nowiki>) for details of how patronymic bynames are marked.

Latest revision as of 08:46, 29 December 2024

English/Welsh

Double Given Names Locative Patronymic Other relationship Descriptive/

Occupational

Dictus Double Bynames Order
Old English No Phrase (æt X or of X) Marked, unmarked Rare Yes; using Cognomento given+byname
Middle/Early Modern

English

Late All forms: Phrase (de X, of X, atte Y, de la/del Y, etc.); unmarked, adjectival,

inn sign (atte Z, of the Z)

Marked, genitive alone, unmarked Matronymic, many others, marked and unmarked Yes, may use article the/le or omit it. Yes; marked Yes; all patterns late (these are generally unmarked) given+byname

given+byname+loc

given+pat+descr

given+byname+byname

Anglicized Irish No Marked, multi-generation Clan names Rare Yes given+byname

given+pat+pat

given+pat+clan

Welsh Late Phrase, unmarked Marked, unmarked,

multiple

Yes Yes given+byname

given+pat+pat

Scots Phrase (as in English),

unmarked

Marked (with Mac or as in English), unmarked As in English only Yes Yes given+pat+loc

given+pat+pat

given+pat+descr

Notes:

Old English: Patronymics take form of X sunu/sune or Xdohtor (X is father's name in genitive); they must match the given name's gender. Alternately, they may follow the Latinized patterns. Locatives use æt or of followed by the placename in dative form. See the introduction to Reaney and Wilson A Dictionary of English Surnames for more details.

Middle/Early Modern English: Marked patronymics may use Fitz X or Xson; women may use these or use Xdaughter. These forms may all use the father's name unmodified; Xson and Xdaughter may also use the possessive form. Alternately, they may follow the Latinized patterns. Late period family names tend to drop articles and prepositions. See the introduction to Reaney and Wilson A Dictionary of English Surnames for more details. Surnames from the second half of the 16th C and early 17th C may be used as given names; they are treated as any other 16th C given name [Alton of Grimfells, 04/2010, A-East].

Anglicized Irish: See Mari ingen Briain meic Donnchada, "Names Found in Anglicized Irish Documents"(http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnglicizedIrish/) for details of how patronymic bynames are marked.

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