Editing Lingual Mixes

Discussion of Finnic and Scandinavian names in lists (911 & 944) of Rus ambassadors -

http://www.allempires.net/finno-ugrian-impact-on-russian-ethnos_topic20088&OB=DESC_page5.html

907 Treaty

Names from the 907 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle:

Олег же, немного отойдя от столицы, начал переговоры о мире с греческими царями Леоном и Александром и послал к ним в столицу Карла, Фарлафа, Вермуда, Рулава и Стемида со словами: "Платите мне дань".

Names from above (all in accusative case): Karla, Farlafa, Vermuda, Rulava, Stemida.

In nominative case: Karl, Farlaf, Vermud, Rulav, Stemid.

All of the above names are also found in the 911 treaty, in the same order (with some extra people added in between)!

Normalized Old West (!) Norse forms of above per Viking Answer Lady (VAL): Karl or Karli, Farulfr (why different from 911 version?), Vermundr (why different from 911?), Hrothleifr, Steinvithr. VAL info from'': Ellis-Davidson, Hilda Roderick. The Viking Road to Byzantium. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1976. p. 90.''

.

911 Treaty

Names from the 911 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle:

Мы от рода русского - Карлы, Инегелд, Фарлаф, Веремуд, Рулав, Гуды, Руалд, Карн, Фрелав, Руар, Актеву, Труан, Лидул, Фост, Стемид...

List of names from above: Karly, Inegeld, Farlaf (Farlo per VAL), Veremud, Rulav, Gudy (Goudy per VAL), Ruald (Rouad per VAL), Karn (Kari per VAL, but the Russian is clearly Карн, not Кари), Frelav, Ruar (Roal/Ruar in VAL), Aktevu, Truan, Lidul, Fost, Stemid. (Discrepencies between VAL and my version may be differences between Old Russian and modern Russian, for example the old Russian ou is now simply u. There are also multiple manuscripts of the Primary Chronicle.)

Normalized Old West (!) Norse forms of above per Viking Answer Lady (VAL):

Karl (Karli?), Ingjaldr, Farleifr (different from 907), Vermothr (different from 907), Hrolleifr, Guthi, Hroaldr, Kari, Freleifr, Hroaldr, omitted Aktevu, omitted Truan, mitted Lidul, omitted Fost, omitted Stemid, added Hroerekr.

Her original order: Farlo/Farleifr, Frelav/Freleifr, Goudy/Guthi, Rouad/Hroaldr, Roal/Hroaldr aka Ruar/Hroarr, Rurik/Hroerekr, Rulav/Hrolleifr, Inegeld/Ingjaldr, Kari [sic]/Kari, Karly/Karl, Vermoud/Vermothr.

VAL info from:

Sigfús Blöndal. The Varangians of Byzantium. London: Cambridge. 1978. p. 36.

Standardized Norse of above per allempires.net discussion: Karl, Ingjald, Farulf/-leif?, Värmund, Hrolf, Gudi, Hroald, Kari? (mispelled и for н?), Fridleif, Hroald, Angantyr, Thrond, Lidulf, Fasti, ? (Stenvid maybe).

Gudy and Aktevu of these are considered "Finnish" by majority of modern scholars - per allempires discussion.

944/945 Treaty

Introduction to the 944 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle -

Мы - от рода русского послы и купцы, Ивор, посол Игоря, великого князя русского, и общие послы: Вуефаст от Святослава, сына Игоря; Искусеви от княгини Ольги; Слуды от Игоря, племянник Игорев; Улеб от Володислава; Каницар от Предславы; Шихберн Сфандр от жены Улеба; Прастен Тудоров; Либиар Фастов; Грим Сфирьков; Прастен Акун, племянник Игорев; Кары Тудков; Каршев Тудоров; Егри Евлисков; Воист Войков; Истр Аминодов; Прастен Бернов; Явтяг Гунарев; Шибрид Алдан; Кол Клеков; Стегги Етонов; Сфирка...; Алвад Гудов; Фудри Туадов; Мутур Утин; купцы Адунь, Адулб, Иггивлад, Улеб, Фрутан, Гомол, Куци, Емиг, Туробид, Фуростен, Бруны, Роальд, Гунастр, Фрастен, Игелд, Турберн, Моне, Руальд, Свень, Стир, Алдан, Тилен, Апубексарь, Вузлев, Синко, Борич, посланные от Игоря, великого князя русского, и от всякого княжья, и от всех людей Русской земли. )

See Laurentian Chronicle under 945 - http://litopys.org.ua/lavrlet/lavr03.htm

http://www.sofi.se/images/runor/pdf/lexikon.pdf

Per the discussion at allempires.net, "most of the names are Germano-Norse, but some are Turkic and some, such as

Iskusevi, Voist (and Voik), Emig (Jemig actually, compare to tribe of Yem aka Tavastians) and so on", are Finnic.

A very detailed account of the early Riurikids with foreign marriages, etc. -

http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm

Prince Yaroslav I figures in Norse sagas as Jarisleif "the lame":

''Saga of Olaf Haraldson #245 -'' http://www.scriptoriumnovum.com/l/olaf02.html

Saga of Harald Sigurdon (Hardrada) - http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Hardrada.html

Anund Jakob (Jakun), King of Sweden, brother-in-law of Yaroslav I, had adventures in Rus - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anund_Jacob

http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Eymundr_Hringsson.html - discussion of a Varangian in Rus

http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/King_HXkon_Eymundarson.html - 2nd husband of Elizabeth Yaroslavna

http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Queen_Sigrid_the_Haughty.html - put Vsevolod Vladimirovich of Volhynia to death

Database from which above came: http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Real_PeopleLinks.html

According to the Encyclopedia of Ukraine: http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/U/K/Ukrainianlanguage.htm

Owing to extensive contacts with Central Europe and the Turkic peoples of the steppe, many loanwords were added to the vocabulary of Old Ukrainian. The political and religious influence of the Byzantine Empire in Kyivan Rus’, in particular, resulted in the mass borrowing of Greek words and phrases through direct absorption, loan translations (eg, ''blahoslovyty'' ‘to bless’ based on the Greek ''eulogeō''), and semantic adaptation. Most of these borrowings, however, did not penetrate into the spoken language of the uneducated masses; others were lost later, after the fall of Constantinople and the reorientation of Ukrainian culture toward Western Europe. Yet their general impact on the flexibility of Ukrainian cannot be denied.

Internecine strife among the princes of Kyivan Rus’ and the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries gave rise to the westward migration of much of the population of central and northern Ukraine, a general decentralization of national life, and, consequently, the formation of western and northwestern Ukrainian dialects, for example, the Dniester dialects, Sian dialects, Boiko dialect, and Lemko dialects in the 13th century, and the western Polisian dialects, Bukovyna-Pokutia dialects, and Hutsul dialect in the 14th century.

In the vocabulary of this period [Early Middle Ukrainian], the influences of Lithuanian (mostly via Belarusian) were insignificant, and Belarusian influences themselves were not strong, even though most of Ukraine and Belarus were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Military and peaceful encounters with the Crimean Tatars, however, particularly after an organized Cossack military had been established, resulted in the absorption of quite a few Turkic words, especially military and commercial terms, into the common language. The most significant development was the expansion of borrowing from Polish, and from Latin, German, and Czech, often via Polish. Loanwords from these languages influenced much more than just Ukrainian administrative, commercial, and cultural terminology: they often replaced established words in the basic vocabulary. As a result of this trend, which continued with undiminished strength for a century and a half, the vocabulary of Ukrainian became closer to that of West Slavic than to that of Russian or Church Slavonic.

In vocabulary the language of the Middle Ukrainian period continued to be open to Western, particularly Polish and Latin, influences, even at the height of Ukrainian-Polish political conflicts. In fact, Polish lexical and phraseological influences persisted, although in attenuated form, until the first quarter of the 20th century.