Scandinavian Mixes
Scandinavian languages include Norse/Old Norse, Old East Norse, Old West Norse, Old Swedish, Old Danish, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian,
etc.
The undated names from Geirr Bassi, and other undated Old Norse names, are considered good up until 1100 AD by precedent.
According to Gunnvor at http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/gunnvor/varangian/ :
...
the greatest number of Scandinavians who travelled eastwards into Russia or east and south towards Byzantium originated in eastern Scandinavia or its colonies. East Scandinavia, including Sweden, Denmark, and Scandinavian colonies in Russia and the Baltic, used a slightly different dialect than did the western Scandinavians. From the beginning of the Viking Age, there were enough differences between the Old Norse spoken in western Scandinavia to differentiate the western dialect from that of eastern Scandinavia. The differences in Old West Norse and Old East Norse (OE.Norse, the language used in Sweden, Denmark, and other parts of eastern Scandinavia) increased noticably after 1000.
The original runic inscriptions show some of these dialectical differences in the names presented below. This is not to say that eastern Scandinavians were the only east-farers -- several famous Icelanders, and even the reknowned Norwegian king Haraldr harðráði served in the Varangian Guard in Byzantium -- but most of the people of Scandinavian antecedents in Russia and Byzantium would have been men from Sweden, Denmark, Kiev, and other East Scandinavian settlements.
A settlement of Scandinavian merchants was maintained in Novgorod, complementing the settlement of German merchants. [Vernadsky, "Dawn"]
Alexander Sitzmann. 2007. "Die skandinavischen Personennamen in den Birkenrindeninschriften" [The Scandinavian Personal Names in the Birchbark inscriptions] Scando-Slavica 53; 25-31
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00806760701758323-001
*Jakunovaja (from genitive singular ękunovy from Hákon)
*Vělьjutovъ (from genitive plural vělьjutovycho, possibly from Víliútr.)
"Russian Personal Names: Name Frequency in the Novgorod Birch-Bark Letters" by Masha Gedilaghine Holl -
| Iakunovaia | XIV/263 | Iakun |
https://www.s-gabriel.org/names/predslava/bbl/women.html#Women's 3a
Precedent Norse (Old Norse) - October 2002 LoAR - Gorm Bolin
| François la Flamme | 2002.10 | Submitted as Gorm Bola, the submitter requested authenticity for early Norse/Russian. There was sufficient contact between the Norse and Russia to make a name mixing these languages registerable, though it is a weirdness. In period, a name combining elements from these languages would have been written all in Norse or all in Russian depending upon the language of the document in which the name was recorded. Lacking a Russian form of Gorm or a Norse form of Bola, we were unable to suggest authentic forms of this name. [...] [Gorm Bolin, 10/2002, A-Middle] |
Swedish-Russian Interactions
As neighboring nations with competing/complementary tactical and economic interests on the Baltic Sea, Russia and Sweden have had ongoing interactions throughout SCA period from the time of the Road from the Varangians to the Greeks which formed the axis around which the early Rus state emerged with Old Norse rulers (which is why Old Norse/Russian names are registerable SFPP), up to the time of Ivan the Terrible when Swedish and Russian forces fought over access to the Baltic Sea.
1240 AD Aleksandr Yaroslavich defeats a Swedish force led by Earl Birger, who is attempting to block Novgorod's access to the sea, on the Neva River, which earns Aleksander the name "Nevski".
1251 AD On death of Svyatoslav in 1248 Andrei Yaroslavich of Suzdal is appointed Grand Prince. Aleksandr goes again to Sarai for confirmation by Batu, but Andrei refuses to go. Sartak leads Mongol army to Vladimir in 1252 and defeats Andrei near Peryeyaslavl-in-Suzdalia then devastates region. Andrei flees to Novgorod and then to Sweden to evade Mongol pursuit.
1256 AD Andrei II returns from Sweden and is given yarlik for Gorodetz and Nizhni Novgorod.
1323 AD Treaty of Noteborg ends Swedish-Novgorodian war.
1327-28 Alexander I of Tver fled with his family to exile in Sweden after Ivan Kalita of Moscow convinced the Mongol khan to punish him for a massacre of Mongol tax collectors.
1347 AD King Magnus of Sweden is attempting to convert the Novgorodians to Catholicism either by words or the sword.
Ivan III "the Great" (1440-1505) concluded an offensive alliance with Hans of Denmark and maintained a regular correspondence with Emperor Maximilian I, who called him a "brother". He built a strong citadel in Ingria (named Ivangorod after himself), which proved of great consequence to Russians in the war with Sweden, which had been preceded by Ivan's detention of the Hanseatic merchants trading in Novgorod.
1496 AD War between Moscow and Sweden. Swedes capture Ivangorod...
Ivan IV "the Terrible" (1440-1505) launched a victorious war of seaward expansion to the west, only to find himself fighting the Swedes, Lithuanians, Poles, and the Livonian Teutonic Knights. For twenty-four years the Livonian War dragged on.
1575 AD War between Muscovy and Sweden begins in Estonia.
1578 AD Russians defeated by Swedes at Wenden.
In 1595 Tsar Boris Godunov recovered from Sweden the towns lost during the former reign. Having won the Russo–Swedish War (1590–1595), he felt the necessity of a Baltic seaboard, and attempted to obtain Livonia by diplomatic means. He cultivated friendly relations with the Scandinavians, in order to intermarry if possible with foreign royal houses, so as to increase the dignity of his own dynasty.
http://www.allempires.net/finno-ugrian-impact-on-russian-ethnos_topic20088&OB=DESC_page5.html
907 Treaty
Names from the 907 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle:
Олег же, немного отойдя от столицы, начал переговоры о мире с греческими царями Леоном и Александром и послал к ним в столицу Карла, Фарлафа, Вермуда, Рулава и Стемида со словами: "Платите мне дань".
Names from above (all in accusative case): Karla, Farlafa, Vermuda, Rulava, Stemida.
In nominative case: Karl, Farlaf, Vermud, Rulav, Stemid.
All of the above names are also found in the 911 treaty, in the same order (with some extra people added in between)!
Normalized Old West (!) Norse forms of above per Viking Answer Lady (VAL): Karl or Karli, Farulfr (why different from 911 version?), Vermundr (why different from 911?), Hrothleifr, Steinvithr. VAL info from: Ellis-Davidson, Hilda Roderick. The Viking Road to Byzantium. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1976. p. 90.
.
911 Treaty
Names from the 911 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle:
Мы от рода русского - Карлы, Инегелд, Фарлаф, Веремуд, Рулав, Гуды, Руалд, Карн, Фрелав, Руар, Актеву, Труан, Лидул, Фост, Стемид...
List of names from above: Karly, Inegeld, Farlaf (Farlo per VAL), Veremud, Rulav, Gudy (Goudy per VAL), Ruald (Rouad per VAL), Karn (Kari per VAL, but the Russian is clearly Карн, not Кари), Frelav, Ruar (Roal/Ruar in VAL), Aktevu, Truan, Lidul, Fost, Stemid. (Discrepencies between VAL and my version may be differences between Old Russian and modern Russian, for example the old Russian ou is now simply u. There are also multiple manuscripts of the Primary Chronicle.)
Normalized Old West (!) Norse forms of above per Viking Answer Lady (VAL):
Karl (Karli?), Ingjaldr, Farleifr (different from 907), Vermothr (different from 907), Hrolleifr, Guthi, Hroaldr, Kari, Freleifr, Hroaldr, omitted Aktevu, omitted Truan, mitted Lidul, omitted Fost, omitted Stemid, added Hroerekr.
Her original order: Farlo/Farleifr, Frelav/Freleifr, Goudy/Guthi, Rouad/Hroaldr, Roal/Hroaldr aka Ruar/Hroarr, Rurik/Hroerekr, Rulav/Hrolleifr, Inegeld/Ingjaldr, Kari [sic]/Kari, Karly/Karl, Vermoud/Vermothr.
VAL info from:
Sigfús Blöndal. The Varangians of Byzantium. London: Cambridge. 1978. p. 36.
Standardized Norse of above per allempires.net discussion: Karl, Ingjald, Farulf/-leif?, Värmund, Hrolf, Gudi, Hroald, Kari? (mispelled и for н?), Fridleif, Hroald, Angantyr, Thrond, Lidulf, Fasti, ? (Stenvid maybe).
Gudy and Aktevu of these are considered "Finnish" by majority of modern scholars - per allempires discussion.
944/945 Treaty
Introduction to the 944/945 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle -
Мы - от рода русского послы и купцы, Ивор, посол Игоря, великого князя русского, и общие послы: Вуефаст от Святослава, сына Игоря; Искусеви от княгини Ольги; Слуды от Игоря, племянник Игорев; Улеб от Володислава; Каницар от Предславы; Шихберн Сфандр от жены Улеба; Прастен Тудоров; Либиар Фастов; Грим Сфирьков; Прастен Акун, племянник Игорев; Кары Тудков; Каршев Тудоров; Егри Евлисков; Воист Войков; Истр Аминодов; Прастен Бернов; Явтяг Гунарев; Шибрид Алдан; Кол Клеков; Стегги Етонов; Сфирка...; Алвад Гудов; Фудри Туадов; Мутур Утин; купцы Адунь, Адулб, Иггивлад, Улеб, Фрутан, Гомол, Куци, Емиг, Туробид, Фуростен, Бруны, Роальд, Гунастр, Фрастен, Игелд, Турберн, Моне, Руальд, Свень, Стир, Алдан, Тилен, Апубексарь, Вузлев, Синко, Борич, посланные от Игоря, великого князя русского, и от всякого княжья, и от всех людей Русской земли. )
Modernized Russian - http://www.old-russian.chat.ru/01povest.htm
Per Laurentian Text under 945 - http://litopys.org.ua/lavrlet/lavr03.htm
Per Ipatevskii Text under 945 - http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat03.htm
Translated/transliterated list of names from above: Vuefast from Sviatoslav, son of Igor; Iskusevi from kniaginia Ol'ga; Sludy from Igor, plemyannik of Igor; Uleb from Volodislav; Kanitsar from Predslava; Shikhbern Sfandr from wife of Uleb; Prasten Tudorov; Libiar Fastov; Grim Sfir'kov; Prasten Akun, plemyannik of Igor;Kary Tudkov; Karshev Tudorov; Egri Evliskov; Voist Voikov; Istr Aminodov; Prasten Bernov; Yavtyag Gunarev; Shibrid Aldan; Kol Klekov; Steggi Etonov; Sfirka ...; Alvad Gudov; Fundri Tuadov; Mutur Utin; merchants Adun, Adulb, Iggivlad, Uleb, Frutan, Gomol, Kutsi, Emig, Turobid, Furosten, Bruny, Roal'd, Gunastr, Frasten, Igeld, Turbern,Mone, Ruald, Sven', Aldan, Tilen, Apubeksar', Vuzlev, Sinko, Borich.
From Nordiskt runnamnslexikon (The Dictionary of Norse Runic Names), by Lena Peterson - Vithfastr & Vifastr & Vigfastr, Ingvar/Ikuar, Haelga/Elka, Sluta, Sigbiorn, Libbi & Lik(n)biorn, Fasti, Grimr, Hagni/Hagun-, Kari, Haeggi, Boi, Iostaeinn, Biorn, Gunn- & Gunna & Gunnar, Aldi, Kolla & Kolli & Kulli & Kulr, Klakki, Stigr & Styggr, Aeithorn & Aetta, Alver, Guthi, Finnr & Fithr & Fundinn, Utr, Ingialdr & Ingivaldr, Fro/thr, Gamall, Kusi, Haemingr, Thorvithr, Fro/ystaeinn, Brunn, Hroald, Igull & Ingialdr, Mani/Moni, Hroald, Thorbiorn, Svaein, Aldi, Thaellinaefir, Sinkr.
http://www.sofi.se/images/runor/pdf/lexikon.pdf
Per the discussion at allempires.net, "most of the names are Germano-Norse, but some are Turkic and some, such as
Iskusevi, Voist (and Voik), Emig (Jemig actually, compare to tribe of Yem aka Tavastians) and so on", are Finnic.
| Norse -> Russian | |
| Vithfastr & Vifastr & Vigfastr, -> Vuefast
Ingvar/Ikuar, - Igor Haelga/Elka, - Ol'ga Sluta, - Sludy Sigbiorn -> Shikhbern? Libbi & Lik(n)biorn, - Libiar Fasti, - Fastov Grimr, - Grim Hagni/Hagun-, - Akun? Kari, - Kary Haeggi,- Egri Boi, - Voist? Iostaeinn, - Istr? Biorn, - Bernov Gunn- & Gunna & Gunnar, - Gunarev Aldi, - Aldan Kolla & Kolli & Kulli & Kulr, - Kol Klakki, - Klekov Stigr & Styggr, - Steggi Aeithorn & Aetta, - Etonov Alver, - Alvad Guthi, - Gudov Finnr & Fithr & Fundinn, - Fundri Utr, - Mutur? Ingialdr & Ingivaldr, - Iggivlad? Fro/thr, - Frutan? Gamall, - Gomol Kusi, - Kutsi? Haemingr, - Emig? Thorvithr, - Turobid? Fro/ystaeinn, - Furosten Brunn, - Bruny Hroald, - Roal'd Igull & Ingialdr, - Igeld Mani/Moni, - Mone? Hroald, - Ruald Thorbiorn, - Turbern? Svaein, - Sven' Aldi, - Aldan Thaellinaefir, - Tilen? Sinkr - Sinko? |
A very detailed account of the early Riurikids with foreign marriages, etc. -
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm
Prince Yaroslav I figures in Norse sagas as Jarisleif "the lame":
Saga of Olaf Haraldson #245 - http://www.scriptoriumnovum.com/l/olaf02.html
Saga of Harald Sigurdon (Hardrada) - http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Hardrada.html
Anund Jakob (Jakun), King of Sweden, brother-in-law of Yaroslav I, had adventures in Rus -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anund_Jacob
Prince Vladimir I Yaroslavich apparently is recorded as Valdemar Holti "the nimble" from when he was exiled:
also http://www.septentrionalia.net/etexts/fagrskinna.pdf (not in English) has <Valdamarr gamli>, <Valdamarr Jarizleifsson>, <Valdamarr Knútsson> and <Valdamarr Valdamarsson>, in the index p. 405. These are normalized. The actual texts say things like "Valldimar konongr sun Iarizlæfs", "sun Valdimars" (genitive), "Valdemar Dana konongr" (p. 300).
http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Eymundr_Hringsson.html - discussion of a Varangian in Rus
http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/King_HXkon_Eymundarson.html - 2nd husband of Elizabeth Yaroslavna
http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Queen_Sigrid_the_Haughty.html - put Vsevolod Vladimirovich of Volhynia to death
Database from which above came: http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Real_PeopleLinks.html
See:
Rurik Varyag Velmudov - "authentic Russian form of a Viking name".